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घरों में बिजली की वायरिंग में, अर्थिंग का प्रोविजन हो, तो बिजली उपकरण से करंट लीकेज होने पर, उस उपकरण को छूने पर हमें करंट नहीं लगता।
आप यह जान कर हैरान होंगे के आधी से ज्यादा देल्ही के घरों में बिजली की वायरिंग में अर्थिंग का प्रोविजन ही नहीं है .
सरकार की तरफ मत देखो . आप के घर के सदस्यों की सुरक्षा आप को खुद करनी है। आज ही अपने घर में डब्ल अर्थिंग करवाओ . डब्ल इस लिए की अगर एक फेल हो जाए तो दूसरी हमें बचा ले . यहाँ तो एक भी नहीं है दूसरी की तो बात ही अलग है .
सरकार ने तो बहुत से कानून बना रखे हैं पर हम उन्हें फ़ॉलो कब करते हैं . आर सी सी बी लगवाना भी जरूरी कर दिया गया है .
यह साईट विजिट करें
http://www.fluke.com/fluke/usen/solutions/earthground/groundingbasics.htm
http://www.fluke.com/fluke/usen/solutions/earthground/groundingbasics.htm
Electrical Grounding Requirements in India
Nationally, India's Ministry of Power has jurisdiction for designing and implementing policies and laws governing the power sector. However, under the Indian Constitution, individual states hold responsibility for setting electricity rates, and in practice, state ministries and their related agencies control most aspects of transmission, distribution and monitoring. Legal regulations for grounding--called "earthing" in India--are in line with safety precautions in place throughout the industrialized world and are spelled out in detail in "The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956, amended up to 25th November, 2000." Still, long-standing enforcement challenges remain. In a 2002 report "Electricity in India," the International Energy Agency blamed lack of coordination between central and state governments, mismanagement, partisan political interference and lack of transparency for many systemic inadequacies within the power sector. Does this Spark an idea?
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Low and Medium Voltage Use
- The law: Most homes and small businesses fall into this category. All energy-consuming machines except small, low-voltage appliances such as lamps must be securely grounded. Wall sockets must have three holes, one for the purpose of permanent grounding, and plugs must have three pins. Earth leakage protective devices must also be installed, enabling the power supply to cut out instantly in the event of danger, and the electricity supplier must inspect at least once every two years.The reality: Millions of Indians live in homes that have been in their families for generations and have never been modernized, or they design and build their own homes using the cheapest labor available, supervising work themselves. "Electricians," as opposed to well-educated but more expensive electrical engineers, are often illiterate and, like homeowners, may neither know nor care about any grounding regulations from New Delhi widely ignored by state authorities. For people who don't have grounded wall sockets, any hardware store will replace three-prong with two-prong plugs on the spot. Throughout India, fires caused by substandard electrical work are commonplace and result in thousands of deaths every year.
High Voltage and Extra-High Voltage
- The law: Most commercial and industrial facilities as well as public utilities would be classified this way. All metal-encased power-conducting machinery must be securely grounded, along with all non-current-carrying metal parts connected to them. All electric supply lines and conductors must be enclosed in metal sheathing and earthed to a grounding system or mat. Inspections must be carried out at least once a year.The reality: Daily torrential downpours during India's four-month monsoon season wreak havoc on electrical equipment, which is often neither properly maintained nor regularly inspected. During storms and in areas vulnerable to landslides, live power lines can fall down onto wet surfaces, electrocuting people standing there.
Enforcement and Compliance Issues
- The scandal that hit the international news media shortly before the opening of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi concerned allegations of widespread corruption with the awarding of contracts, the use of substandard construction materials and shoddy, unsafe and untested electrical work. Corrupt practices have also impeded efforts to create and maintain internationally-accepted electrical standards across India, a situation the country had been trying hard to rectify.
Read more: Electrical Grounding Requirements in India | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_7553978_electrical-grounding-requirements-india.html#ixzz2EY7d9PKW
http://www.diyable.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=49
http://picearthingtech.com/services.html
http://www.galaxyearthingelectrode.com/clients.html
EARTHING
DEFINITIONS:-
DEAD: - the term used to describe a circuit / equipment to indicate that a voltage is not applied.
LIVE PART: - a conductor or conductive part intended to be energized in normal use including a neutral
conductor.
NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR: - a conductor connected to the neutral point of a system and capable of
contributing to the transmission of Electrical Energy.
EARTH GRID: - a system grounding electrodes consisting of inter connected connectors burried in the
earth to provide a common ground for electrical devices and metallic structures.
EARTH MAT:-a grounding system formed by a grid horizontally burried conductor / plate and which
serves to dissipate the earth fault current to earth and also as equipment bonding conductor system.
A. OBJECTIVES OF EARTHING
The basics of safe grounding are:
1. To design and construct system that is capable to carry current under normal and fault conditions
to ground.
2. The earth path should be capable of handling magnitude and duration of current as per the overcurrent protection of the system without any fire or flash or explosion.
3. Persons in the vicinity of earthed structures and installations shall not be exposed to the dangers of
electrical shocks.
B. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR EARTHING
An effective grounding system must satisfy the following conditions: -
1. Provide a low impedance path to ground for personnel and equipment.
2. Withstand and dissipate repeated faults and surge currents
3. Provide ample corrosion allowance to various chemicals to ensure continuous service during life
of the equipment being protected.
4. Provide rugged mechanical properties for easy driving of earth electrodes with minimum
difficulty.
5. All non current carrying metal parts associated with installation shall:-
Be effectively earthed to a grounding system or mat which will limit the touch and step potential to
tolerable values.
Limit the ground potential rise to tolerable values so as to prevent danger due to transfer of potential
through ground, earth wires, cable sheath fences, pipe lines etc.
Maintain the resistance of the earth connection to such a value as to make operation of the protective
device effective.
C. STATUTORY STIPULATIONS
1. All medium voltage equipment shall be earthed by two separate and distinct connections.
2. As far as possible, all earth connections shall be visible for inspection. 13
3. Each earth system shall be so designed that testing of individual earth electrode should be
possible.
4. Resistance of earth system shall conform to degree of shock protection desired.
D. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR EARTHING
The precautions mentioned below should be adapted to the extent applicable and possible.
1) Examine earthing devices periodically and always prior to their use.
2) Use only earthing switches or any other special apparatus where provided for earthing.
3) Verify that the circuit is dead by means of discharging rod. The indicator itself should first be tested on a
live circuit or proving unit before and after the verification.
4) Earthing should be done in such a manner that the persons doing the job are protected by earth
connections on both sides of their working zone.
5) All the three phases should be effectively earthed and short circuited though work may be proceeding on
one phase only.
EARTHING OF OVERHEAD LINES
All metal supports, all reinforced and pre-stressed cement concrete supports of overhead lines and metallic
fittings attached thereto shall be permanently and effectively earthed. For this purpose a continuous earth
wire shall be provided and securely fastened to each pole and connected with earth ordinarily at three
points in every kilometer, the spacing between the points being as nearly equidistance as possible.
Alternatively, each support and the metallic fitting attached thereto shall be efficiently earthed.
1. Metallic bearer wire used for supporting insulated wire of low and medium voltage overhead
service lines shall be efficiently earthed or insulated.
2. Each stay wire shall be similarly earthed unless insulator has been placed in it at a height not less
than 3.0 meters from the ground.
EARTHING AND SHORT –CIRCUITING MAINS
1. High voltage mains shall not be worked upon unless they are discharged to earth, after making
them dead are earthed, short-circuited with earthing. Short circuiting equipment is adequate to
carry possible short circuit currents. All earthing switches wherever installed should be locked up.
2. If a cable is required to be cut, a steel wedge shall be carefully driven through it at the point where
it is to be cut.
3. After testing the cable with DC voltage the cable shall be discharged through 2 mega ohms
resistance and not directly owing to dielectric absorption, which is particularly prominent in the
DC voltage testing of high voltage cables. The cable shall be discharged for sufficiently long
period to prevent rebuilding up of the voltage as per the work instructions W01 (COS-P-06) ( see
annexure – XII)
4. The earthing device when used shall be first connected to an effective earth. The other end of the
device shall then be connected to the conductors to be earthed.
5. Except for the purpose of testing, phasing etc. the earthing and the short-circuiting devices shall
remain connected for the duration of the work. 14
REMOVING THE EARTH CONNECTIONS
On completion of work, removal of the earthing and short circuiting devices shall be carried out in the
reverse order to that adopted for placing, that is, the end of earthing device attached to the conductors of
the earthed mains or apparatus shall be removed first and the other end the connected to earth shall be
removed last. The conductor shall not be touched after the earthing device has been removed from it.
TESTING AND RECORD
1. All earthing systems belonging to the utility shall in addition, be tested for resistance on dry day during
the dry season not less than once every two years.
2. A record of every earth test made & the result thereof shall be kept by the utility for a period of not less
than two years after the day of testing.
3. It shall be available to the Electrical Inspector or any officer appointed to assist the Inspector &
authorized.
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